Impacto de las intervenciones de enfermería en pacientes paliativos oncológicos: Revisión sistemática
Palabras clave:
Cuidados paliativos; enfermería oncológica; intervenciones de enfermería; cáncer avanzado; calidad de vidaResumen
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/gt.v9i18edespsep.0411
Resumen
El cáncer avanzado suele causar dolor, disnea, náuseas, ansiedad y deterioro de la calidad de vida, por lo que los cuidados paliativos buscan aliviar el sufrimiento y atender las necesidades físicas, emocionales, sociales y espirituales del paciente y su familia, con la enfermería como actor central por su contacto continuo con el paciente, la familia y el equipo interdisciplinario. Este estudio analizó el impacto de las intervenciones de enfermería en el control de síntomas y la calidad de vida de pacientes adultos con cáncer en cuidados paliativos mediante una revisión sistemática según PRISMA 2020, con búsquedas en PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, SciELO y LILACS, incluyendo estudios publicados entre 2021 y 2026 en español e inglés. De 110 registros iniciales, 18 estudios fueron incluidos en la síntesis cualitativa. Las intervenciones más relevantes fueron la valoración sistemática de síntomas, el manejo farmacológico y no farmacológico del dolor, la educación al paciente y la familia, el seguimiento continuo, el apoyo emocional y la coordinación interdisciplinar, apoyadas en instrumentos como la Escala de Edmonton, el EORTC QLQ-C30 y el FACIT-Pal. La evidencia indica reducción del dolor, la disnea, las náuseas y la ansiedad, junto con mejoras en el bienestar físico, emocional y social, la autonomía del paciente y la carga del cuidador.
Palabras claves: Cuidados paliativos; enfermería oncológica; intervenciones de enfermería; cáncer avanzado; calidad de vida.
Abstract
Advanced cancer often causes pain, shortness of breath, nausea, anxiety and a decline in quality of life; palliative care therefore aims to alleviate suffering and address the physical, emotional, social and spiritual needs of the patient and their family, with nursing playing a central role due to its ongoing contact with the patient, the family and the interdisciplinary team. This study analysed the impact of nursing interventions on symptom management and quality of life in adult cancer patients receiving palliative care through a systematic review in accordance with PRISMA 2020, with searches conducted in PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, CINAHL, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, SciELO and LILACS, including studies published between 2021 and 2026 in Spanish and English. Of the 110 initial records, 18 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. The most relevant interventions were systematic symptom assessment, pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain management, patient and family education, continuous monitoring, emotional support and interdisciplinary coordination, supported by tools such as the Edmonton Scale, the EORTC QLQ-C30 and the FACIT-Pal. The evidence indicates a reduction in pain, dyspnoea, nausea and anxiety, alongside improvements in physical, emotional and social well-being, patient autonomy and the burden on carers.
Keywords: Palliative care; oncology nursing; nursing interventions; advanced cancer; quality of life.
Información del manuscrito:
Fecha de recepción: 15 de junio de 2026.
Fecha de aceptación: 17 de agosto de 2026.
Fecha de publicación: 11 de septiembre de 2026.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Revista Científica Arbitrada en Investigaciones de la Salud GESTAR. ISSN: 2737-6273.
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