Prevención de caídas en adultos mayores mediante intervención de enfermería. Revisión Sistemática
Palabras clave:
Anciano; accidentes por caídas; atención de enfermería; prevención de accidentes; enfermería geriátricaResumen
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/gt.v9i18edespsep.0419
Resumen
Objetivo: Las caídas constituyen un problema frecuente en los adultos mayores y ocasionan lesiones, dependencia funcional y menor calidad de vida. El objetivo fue analizar las intervenciones de enfermería empleadas para prevenir caídas en esta población mediante una revisión sistemática de estudios publicados entre 2021 y 2026. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática conforme a PRISMA 2020. La pregunta se estructuró mediante el modelo PICO. Se consultaron PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, SciELO, LILACS y Redalyc, se utilizó descriptores DeCS/MeSH relacionados con adultos mayores, caídas, atención de enfermería y prevención de accidentes. Se incluyeron artículos originales en español, inglés o portugués que evaluaron intervenciones de enfermería y resultados sobre riesgo, frecuencia, incidencia o recurrencia de caídas. La evidencia se sintetizó de forma narrativa y comparativa. Resultados: Se identificaron 105 registros y se incluyeron 24 estudios originales. Las intervenciones se agruparon en valoración y vigilancia del riesgo, educación, ejercicio, modificación del entorno, tecnologías de detección y programas multifactoriales. El ejercicio mejoró el equilibrio, la movilidad y la capacidad funcional; la educación fortaleció el conocimiento y la autoeficacia; y las modificaciones ambientales y tecnologías facilitaron la identificación y atención de riesgos. Los resultados sobre la incidencia de caídas fueron variables. Las intervenciones individualizadas, multicomponentes y con seguimiento de enfermería presentaron los resultados más favorables. Conclusiones: Las intervenciones de enfermería contribuyeron a prevenir caídas, en especial cuando combinaron acciones clínicas, educativas, físicas y ambientales adaptadas al riesgo individual. La valoración periódica, la participación del cuidador y el seguimiento continuo fortalecieron la seguridad del adulto mayor.
Palabras claves: Anciano; accidentes por caídas; atención de enfermería; prevención de accidentes; enfermería geriátrica.
Abstract
Objective: Falls are a common problem among older adults, leading to injuries, functional dependence, and reduced quality of life. The objective was to analyze nursing interventions used to prevent falls in this population through a systematic review of studies published between 2021 and 2026. Methodology: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The research question was structured using the PICO model. Databases including PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, SciELO, LILACS, and Redalyc were searched using DeCS/MeSH descriptors related to older adults, falls, nursing care, and accident prevention. Original articles in Spanish, English, or Portuguese that evaluated nursing interventions and outcomes regarding fall risk, frequency, incidence, or recurrence were included. Evidence was synthesized narratively and comparatively. Results: A total of 105 records were identified, and 24 original studies were included. Interventions were categorized into risk assessment and monitoring, education, exercise, environmental modification, detection technologies, and multifactorial programs. Exercise improved balance, mobility, and functional capacity; education enhanced knowledge and self-efficacy; and environmental modifications and technologies facilitated risk identification and management. Results regarding fall incidence varied. Individualized, multicomponent interventions involving nursing follow-up yielded the most favorable outcomes. Conclusions: Nursing interventions contributed to fall prevention, particularly when combining clinical, educational, physical, and environmental actions tailored to individual risk. Periodic assessment, caregiver involvement, and continuous follow-up strengthened older adult safety.
Keywords: Aged; accidental falls; nursing care; accident prevention; geriatric nursing.
Información del manuscrito:
Fecha de recepción: 15 de junio de 2026.
Fecha de aceptación: 17 de agosto de 2026.
Fecha de publicación: 11 de septiembre de 2026.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Revista Científica Arbitrada en Investigaciones de la Salud GESTAR. ISSN: 2737-6273.
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