Impacto de la prehabilitación multimodal en los resultados de la cirugía oncológica. Revisión sistemática
Palabras clave:
prehabilitación; cirugía oncológica; ejercicio; nutrición; complicaciones posoperatorias; capacidad funcional; PRISMA 2020Resumen
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/gt.v9i18.0387
Resumen
Introducción. La cirugía oncológica produce una reducción aguda de la reserva fisiológica, especialmente en pacientes con fragilidad, sarcopenia, desnutrición o tratamiento neoadyuvante. La prehabilitación multimodal intenta modificar estos factores antes de la intervención mediante ejercicio, soporte nutricional, intervención psicológica y optimización médica. Objetivo. Evaluar el impacto de la prehabilitación multimodal sobre la capacidad funcional, las complicaciones, la estancia hospitalaria, las readmisiones, la mortalidad y los resultados centrados en el paciente después de cirugía oncológica. Métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática conforme a PRISMA 2020. Se buscaron estudios en PubMed/MEDLINE, Europe PMC y Cochrane Library hasta el 21 de julio de 2026, complementados mediante rastreo de referencias. Se incluyeron adultos sometidos a cirugía por cáncer que recibieron, antes de la operación, al menos dos modalidades de prehabilitación. El riesgo de sesgo se evaluó con RoB 2 y ROBINS-I. Debido a la heterogeneidad clínica y metodológica, se efectuó síntesis narrativa siguiendo SWiM. El protocolo no fue registrado en PROSPERO. Resultados. Se incluyeron 24 estudios con 2078 participantes: 16 ensayos aleatorizados y 8 estudios no aleatorizados. Diecisiete estudios mostraron una dirección favorable sobre la capacidad funcional, aunque la magnitud y el momento de evaluación variaron. Ocho estudios comunicaron reducción de complicaciones totales, graves, médicas, pulmonares o intraoperatorias; diez no encontraron diferencias significativas y seis no estuvieron diseñados para ese desenlace. La estancia fue menor en seis estudios, pero no cambió en once. Las readmisiones y la mortalidad rara vez mejoraron. Los beneficios fueron más claros en programas supervisados o semisupervisados, pacientes frágiles o de alto riesgo y estudios con objetivos funcionales. La certeza global fue moderada para capacidad funcional y baja para la mayoría de los desenlaces clínicos. Conclusión. La prehabilitación multimodal es segura, factible y eficaz para aumentar la reserva funcional antes de cirugía oncológica. Puede reducir complicaciones graves en poblaciones seleccionadas, pero la evidencia no respalda una disminución uniforme de todas las complicaciones o de la estancia. Se requieren protocolos estandarizados, desenlaces comunes y ensayos multicéntricos con estratificación por riesgo.
Palabras claves: prehabilitación; cirugía oncológica; ejercicio; nutrición; complicaciones posoperatorias; capacidad funcional; PRISMA 2020.
Abstract
Introduction. Cancer surgery causes an acute reduction in physiological reserve, especially in patients with frailty, sarcopenia, malnutrition, or undergoing neoadjuvant therapy. Multimodal prehabilitation aims to modify these factors before surgery through exercise, nutritional support, psychological intervention, and medical optimization. Objective. To evaluate the impact of multimodal prehabilitation on functional capacity, complications, length of hospital stay, readmissions, mortality, and patient-centered outcomes after cancer surgery. Methods. A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Studies were searched in PubMed/MEDLINE, Europe PMC, and the Cochrane Library up to July 21, 2026, supplemented by reference tracing. Adults undergoing cancer surgery who received at least two prehabilitation modalities before the operation were included. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2 and ROBINS-I. Due to clinical and methodological heterogeneity, a narrative synthesis was performed following SWiM. The protocol was not registered in PROSPERO. Results. Twenty-four studies with 2078 participants were included: 16 randomized trials and 8 non-randomized studies. Seventeen studies showed a favorable trend regarding functional capacity, although the magnitude and timing of assessment varied. Eight studies reported a reduction in total, serious, medical, pulmonary, or intraoperative complications; ten found no significant differences, and six were not designed for that outcome. Length of stay was shorter in six studies but remained unchanged in eleven. Readmissions and mortality rarely improved. Benefits were clearer in supervised or semi-supervised programs, frail or high-risk patients, and studies with functional objectives. Overall certainty was moderate for functional capacity and low for most clinical outcomes. Conclusion. Multimodal prehabilitation is safe, feasible, and effective for increasing functional reserve before cancer surgery. It may reduce serious complications in selected populations, but the evidence does not support a uniform reduction in all complications or in length of stay. Standardized protocols, common outcomes, and multicenter trials with risk stratification are needed.
Keywords: prehabilitation; cancer surgery; exercise; nutrition; postoperative complications; functional capacity; systematic review.
Información del manuscrito:
Fecha de recepción: 14 de abril de 2026.
Fecha de aceptación: 18 de junio de 2026.
Fecha de publicación: 10 de julio de 2026.
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