Medidas de prevención para reducir la transmisión de tuberculosis: Una revisión sistemática
Palabras clave:
Tuberculosis, enfermería, personal de salud, diagnóstico precozResumen
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/gt.v9i18edespsep.0413
Resumen
Introducción y objetivo: La tuberculosis continúa siendo un problema relevante de salud pública por su transmisión aérea y por las dificultades persistentes para interrumpir la cadena de contagio. El objetivo fue analizar la evidencia científica publicada entre 2021 y 2026 sobre las medidas de prevención utilizadas para reducir la transmisión de tuberculosis. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura siguiendo los lineamientos PRISMA 2020 y el método de vertebración temática. La búsqueda se efectuó en PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO, LILACS, Scopus y Redalyc, considerando además CINAHL, Web of Science y Cochrane Library. La pregunta PICO incluyó personas con tuberculosis, contactos, población vulnerable y trabajadores sanitarios expuestos. Resultados: Se incluyeron 35 artículos originales. La evidencia mostró que ninguna intervención aislada resulta suficiente para reducir la transmisión. Los mejores resultados se observaron al combinar diagnóstico oportuno, búsqueda activa de contactos, tratamiento preventivo, controles administrativos y ambientales, protección respiratoria, educación sanitaria y apoyo comunitario. Los esquemas preventivos cortos favorecieron la finalización del tratamiento, mientras que las intervenciones domiciliarias mejoraron el tamizaje y seguimiento de contactos; persistieron brechas asociadas con desabastecimiento, capacitación insuficiente, ventilación inadecuada, supervisión limitada y dificultades en la continuidad de la atención. Conclusiones: Se concluye que la prevención efectiva de la tuberculosis requiere estrategias integrales y sostenidas. Enfermería cumple un papel relevante en el triaje, aislamiento, educación, búsqueda de contactos y seguimiento del tratamiento preventivo, contribuyendo al control de la transmisión.
Palabras claves: Tuberculosis, enfermería, personal de salud, diagnóstico precoz.
Abstract
Introduction and Objective: Tuberculosis remains a significant public health problem due to its airborne transmission and the persistent difficulties in breaking the chain of transmission. The objective was to analyze the scientific evidence published between 2021 and 2026 on prevention measures used to reduce the transmission of tuberculosis. Methodology: A systematic literature review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and the thematic structuring method. The search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO, LILACS, Scopus, and Redalyc, and also included CINAHL, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. The PICO question included people with tuberculosis, contacts, vulnerable populations, and exposed healthcare workers. Results: Thirty-five original articles were included. The evidence showed that no single intervention is sufficient to reduce transmission. The best results were observed when combining timely diagnosis, active contact tracing, preventive treatment, administrative and environmental controls, respiratory protection, health education, and community support. Short-course preventive regimens promoted treatment completion, while home-based interventions improved contact screening and follow-up; gaps persisted due to supply shortages, insufficient training, inadequate ventilation, limited supervision, and difficulties in ensuring continuity of care. Conclusions: It is concluded that effective tuberculosis prevention requires comprehensive and sustained strategies. Nurses play a key role in triage, isolation, education, contact tracing, and monitoring of preventive treatment, thereby contributing to the control of transmission.
Keywords: Tuberculosis, nursing, healthcare personnel, early diagnosis.
Información del manuscrito:
Fecha de recepción: 15 de junio de 2026.
Fecha de aceptación: 17 de agosto de 2026.
Fecha de publicación: 11 de septiembre de 2026.
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